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Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani (pronounced /ˈruːdi ˌdʒuːliːˈɑːni/[See inogolo:pronunciation of Rudy Giuliani.]; born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from the state of New York who was Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.
A Democrat and Independent in the 1970s, and a Republican from the 1980s to the present, Giuliani served in the United States Attorney\'s Office for the Southern District of New York, eventually becoming U.S. Attorney. He prosecuted a number of high-profile cases, including ones against organized crime and Wall Street financiers.
Giuliani served two terms as Mayor of New York City. He was credited with initiating improvements in the city\'s quality of life and with a reduction in crime. Others, however, criticized him as divisive and authoritarian and disputed his role in reducing crime. He ran for the United States Senate in 2000 but withdrew due to being diagnosed with prostate cancer and to revelations about his personal life. Giuliani gained international attention during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center.[Rudolph Giuliani — America\'s Mayor: Review of The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life By Fred Siegel. The Economist (2005-07-28). Retrieved on 2006-11-15. [subscription site]] In 2001, Time magazine named him "Person of the Year"[Eric Pooley. "Mayor of the world", Time magazine, 2001-12-31. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. ] and he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2002.[Giuliani joins a distinguished club. Renolds, Dylan CNN.com WORLD. CNN.com (2002-02-13). Retrieved on 2007-11-06.]
After leaving office as mayor, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, a security consulting business; acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an investment banking firm; and joined the Bracewell & Giuliani law firm, which changed its name when he became a partner. Giuliani ran for the Republican Party nomination in the 2008 United States presidential election. After leading in national polls for much of 2007, his candidacy faltered late in the year and he did poorly in the early caucuses and primaries. He withdrew from the race in late January 2008.
Early life and education
Rudolph Giuliani was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, the only child of working-class parents Harold Angel Giuliani, and Helen C. D\'Avanzo, both children of Italian immigrants.[Burton, Danielle. "10 Things You Didn\'t Know About Rudy Giuliani", U.S. News, 2007-02-07. Retrieved on 2007-06-21. ] The family was Roman Catholic and its extended members included police officers, firefighters, and criminals.[Mott, Gordon. Rudy Giuliani: America\'s Mayor. Cigar Aficionado Online. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.] Harold Giuliani had trouble holding a job and had been convicted of felony assault and robbery and served time in Sing Sing;[Bock, Wally. Rudy Giuliani: The Long View of Leadership. Wally Bock\'s Monday Memo. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.] after his release he served as a Mafia enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D\'Avanzo, who ran an organized crime operation involved in loan sharking and gambling at a restaurant in Brooklyn.[Barrett, Wayne (July 2000). Thug Life: The Shocking Secret History of Harold Giuliani, the Mayor’s Ex-Convict Dad. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2007-04-06.]
In 1951, when Rudy Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic school, St. Anne\'s.[Barrett, Wayne (July 2000). A Readers\' Guide to the Good Stuff From Rudy!. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.]
Giuliani went on to Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science with a minor in philosophy.[Bearak, Ian & Fisher (1997-10-19), "A Mercurial Mayor\'s Confident Journey", New York Times, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E4D61E3FF93AA25753C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all>. Retrieved on 10 June 2007] There he considered becoming a priest.[In a Surprise, Pat Robertson Backs Giuliani NY Times, Nov. 8, 2007] though nine credits (three semesters) of religious studies courses is the minimum graduation requirement at Manhattan College,[General Studies Program - School of Arts - Manhattan College] which is affiliated with the Roman Catholic church.
He was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year.
Giuliani eventually decided to forego the priesthood,[A BIOGRAPHY OF MAYOR RUDOLPH W. GIULIANI. NYC.gov. Retrieved on 2006-11-18.]
Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat. He has said that he admired the Kennedy family,[The Democratic Party | DNC Statement on Giuliani\'s Potential Presidential Bid][What an anti-Giuliani ad should say | Salon]
Legal Career
Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.[Giuliani, Rudy (2002). Leadership. Hyperion. ISBN 0-78-6868-414. ]
Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. He received a student deferment while at Manhattan College and another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from NYU Law in 1968, he was classified as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani\'s draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.[Rudolf W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study. smokinggun.com (1993-04-08). Retrieved on 2007-02-12.][The Sunshine Patriots. Village Voice (2004-08-24). Retrieved on 2007-02-07.]
In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorney\'s Office for the Southern District of New York.[Is Giuliani a dime-store Dewey? WorldNetDaily, November 17, 2007]
In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and was eventually appointed United States Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent[Jack Newfield, "The Full Rudy: The Man, the Mayor, the Myth", The Nation, May 30, 2002. Accessed June 2, 2007.] His first high-profile prosecution was of U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption.[citation needed]
From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter Administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm, as chief of staff to his previous DC boss, Ace Tyler. Tyler later became critical of Giuliani\'s turn as a prosecutor, calling his tactics "overkill".
On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican.
In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan administration,[Doing Rudy Justice National Review, November 7, 2007] the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices\' federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service.
In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government\'s "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian asylum seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants." In defense of the government\'s position, Giuliani stated at one point that political repression under President Jean-Claude Duvalier (the infamous "Baby Doc") no longer existed.[Around the World; U.S. Official Finds No Repression in Haiti - New York Times] After meeting personally with Duvalier, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not exist" in Haiti under Duvalier\'s regime.
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken for insider trading. He also focused on prosecuting drug dealers, organized crime, and corruption in government.[A Biography of Mayor Rudy Giuliani NYC.gov] He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the "perp walk," parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.[William Mitchelson Jr. (2006-3-21). How to Avoid Letting a \'Perp Walk\' Turn Into a Parade. National Law Journal. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.] After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.[Breaking Down the “Perp Walk”. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.]
Critics of Giuliani claim he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his public arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces, with charges later dropped or lessened, irreparably damaged their reputations.[No more ‘perp walks’. National Law Journal (2002-08-05). Retrieved on 2007-06-01.] He claimed that veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co. was guilty of insider trading; in February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company\'s trading floor, with Wigton in tears. Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.[Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 49][Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html]["Rudy Giuliani:America\'s Mayor or America\'s Fraud" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCnMKycHaY&mode=related&search=] However, in three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor; Giuliani said, "We\'re not going to go to trial. We\'re just the tip of the iceberg," but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani\'s successor was in place.[Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html]
Giuliani\'s high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.[Nocera, Joseph (1995-08-06), "Junk Bondage", New York Times, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0D81130F935A3575BC0A963958260&n=Top%2FNews%2FBusiness%2FColumns%2FJoseph%20Nocera>. Retrieved on 8 June 2007]
Mafia Commission trial
In the Mafia Commission Trial (February 25, 1985–November 19, 1986), Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York\'s so-called "Five Families", under the RICO Act on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. Time magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani\'s stated intention: "Our approach...is to wipe out the five families."[Stengel, Richard (2001-06-24). The Passionate Prosecutor. Time Magazine online. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.] Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time.
Boesky, Milken trials
Ivan Boesky was a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about US $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These stock acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover.
Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several of his insiders, including junk bond trader Michael Milken:"Boesky admitted to numerous offenses and then turned state\'s evidence, primarily against Milken. He received a 3 1/2 year prison sentence and $100 million fine after admitting to the charges and reached a plea bargain with Rudy Giuliani...[who would] draw criticism because Ivan was allowed to unload his holdings before his indictment was officially announced, realizing profits from it before being convicted. Others considered the sentence and fine as being too light. But Giuliani and company was [sic] after a much bigger fish, namely Milken."[Trumbore, Brian. "Ivan Boesky". BUYandHOLD. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.]
In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly-publicized case, Milken was indicted by a federal grand jury, and after a plea bargain, pled guilty to six lesser securities and reporting violations. He paid a total of $900 million in fines and settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits and was banned for life from the securities industry.
Mayoral campaigns, 1989, 1993, 1997
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan administration ended. He garnered criticism until he left office for his handling of cases, and was accused of prosecuting cases to further his political ambitions.[Rudolph W. Giuliani Bracewell & Giuliani]
1989 campaign and defeat
Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor in 1989, attempting to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch. He won the September 1989 Republican Party primary election against business magnate Ronald Lauder, in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was not a true Republican and by an acrimonious debate.[Katharine Q. Seeley, " In G.O.P. Debate Today, Which Tack for Giuliani?", The New York Times, May 3, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.] In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins.
In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the Republican and Liberal Parties. The Conservative Party, which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.[Frank Lynn, "Giuliani Files 2 Challenges To Take Lauder off Ballot", The New York Times, July 21, 1989. Accessed March 30, 2007.] Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party\'s endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party\'s views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, school prayer and tuition tax credits."["Election 2008: Giuliani Quotes Disturb N.Y. Conservative," "National Federation of Republican Assemblies," http://www.gopwing.com/articles.aspx?article=760]
During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying that "I\'m the reformer,"[Sam Roberts, " IN THEIR FIRST DEBATE, DINKINS AND GIULIANI GO AT IT, GENTLY", The New York Times, November 5, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.] that "If we keep going merrily along, this city\'s going down," and that electing Dinkins would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down."[David Dinkins Elected First Black Mayor of New York AfroTimes, November 11, 1989]
In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.
1993 campaign and election
In 1993, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.["Q&A: George Marlin", The New York Sun, March 21, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.] The principal issues of the election of 1993 were crime and taxes. Giuliani also declared that expansion of the city\'s budget was going unchecked, and that incumbent David Dinkins was incompetent.
In addition, the city was suffering from a spike in unemployment associated with the nationwide recession, with local unemployment rates going from 6.7 percent in 1989 to 11.1 percent in 1992.[New York State Department of Labor statistics, Workforce industry data.. Retrieved on 2006-11-18.] There was also a public perception that crime was increasing, although in fact the crime rate in most categories had decreased during the Dinkins administration; for example, the per capita murder rate had peaked and then begun to decline under Dinkins, and rapes decreased in each year of his term.[New York City Crime Rate]
Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life: "It\'s the street tax paid to drunk and drug-ridden panhandlers. It\'s the squeegee men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It\'s the trash storms, the swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers and panhandlers, and open-air drug bazaars on unclean streets."[NYC crime rate cut with penalties BCHeights.com Nov. 3, 2005]
Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to approach a debate.[Why Dinkins Lost Newsday, November 4, 1993] while Giuliani was endorsed by the New York Post and, in a key switch from 1989, the New York Daily News.[In an Endorsement, a Search for Signals NY Times, Nov. 1, 1993]
In the end Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes, with 49.25 percent of the electorate to the incumbent\'s 46.42 percent. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay in 1965.[Elected Mayors of New York City. NYC.gov. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.]
1997 campaign and re-election
Main article: New York City mayoral election, 1997
Giuliani\'s opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger, who had beaten Al Sharpton in the September 9, 1997 Democratic primary.["Giuliani Wins With Ease", CNN.com, November 4, 2007.] In the general election, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party and not the Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani\'s popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University poll showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64 percent said things were better in the city compared to four years previously.["Giuliani Approval, Satisfaction With City Hit New Highs, Quinnipiac College Poll Finds; Mayor\'s Lead Over Messinger Nears 2–1", Quinnipiac University, October 29, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.]
Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and large labor unions.[The Last Of The Liberals - Time] All four daily New York newspapers—The New York Times, New York Daily News, New York Post, and Newsday—endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.["Giuliani Goes After Voters In Messinger\'s Stronghold", The New York Times, October 27, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.]
In the end, Giuliani won 59 percent of the vote to Messinger\'s 41 percent, and became the first Republican to win a second term as mayor since Fiorello H. LaGuardia in 1941.[Adam Nagourney, "Giuliani Sweeps to Second Term as Mayor", The New York Times, November 5, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.] The margin of victory included gains[David Firestone, "Big Victory, but Gains For Mayor Are Modest", The New York Times, November 6, 1997. Accessed June 24, 2007.] in his share of the African American vote (20 percent compared to 5 percent in 1993) and the Hispanic vote (43 percent from 37 percent) while maintaining his base of white and Jewish voters from 1993.
Mayoralty
Main article: Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001.
Law enforcement
In his first term as mayor, Giuliani, in conjunction with New York City Police Department Commissioner Bill Bratton, adopted an aggressive enforcement-deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson\'s "Broken Windows" approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, and aggressive "squeegeemen", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained. Giuliani and Bratton also instituted CompStat, a comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.[Patrick A. Langan and Matthew R. Durose, Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City", October 21, 2004. Retrieved December 5, 2006.] The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School of Government.[http://www.joinrudy2008.com/biography/default.aspx]
National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002).
During Giuliani\'s administration, crime rates dropped in New York City,[ which Giuliani\'s presidential campaign website has credited to his leadership.][
"Rudy Giuliani". JoinRudy2008.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-15.] The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed, however. A small nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani\'s election, and critics say that he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in crime during the 1990s were federal funding of an additional 7,000 police officers and an overall improvement in the national economy. Changing demographics was a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.[ Greene Crime Delinquency .1999; 45: 171–87"Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City". Retrieved December 5, 2006.] Because the crime index is based on that of the FBI, which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories that the FBI doesn\'t collect.["Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani" by Wayne Barrett]
Giuliani\'s supporters cite studies concluding that New York\'s drop in crime rate in the \'90s and \'00s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: what University of California sociologist Frank Zimring calls "the most focused form of policing in history". In his book The Great American Crime Decline, Zimring states argues that "up to half of New York’s crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing."[Heather Mac Donald, New York Cops: Still the Finest CityJournal.org][Zimring, Franklin E. (November 3, 2006). The Great American Crime Decline (Studies in Crime and Public Policy). Oxford University Press, 272. ISBN 0195181158. ]
Bratton was featured on the cover of Time in 1996.[Time Magazine, "Finally, We\'re Winning The War Against Crime. Here\'s Why.", January 15, 1996. Retrieved March 6, 2007.] Giuliani forced Bratton out of his position after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton\'s celebrity.[Richard Pérez-Peña, "Giuliani Courts Former Partner and Antagonist", The New York Times, March 9, 2007. Accessed March 14, 2007.]
Giuliani\'s term also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct. There were police shootings of unarmed suspects,[Saxakali, "NYC POLICE SHOOTINGS 1999", July 09, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.] and the scandals surrounding the sexual torture of Abner Louima and the killings of Amadou Diallo and Patrick Dorismond. Giuliani supported the New York Police Department, for example by releasing what he called Dorismond\'s "extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.[CNN, "Giuliani, New York police under fire after shooting of unarmed man", March 19, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2006.]
City services
The Giuliani administration advocated the privatization of failing public schools and increasing school choice through a voucher-based system.[Rudy Giuliani on Education OnTheIssues.org]]
Giuliani supported protection for illegal immigrants. He continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization Service about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens should be able to take actions such as sending their children to school or reporting crimes to the police without fear of deportation.[Officials: Let illegal immigrants report crimes USA Today, December 5, 2007]
During his mayoralty, gay and lesbian New Yorkers received domestic partnership rights. Giuliani induced the city\'s Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue for years, to pass legislation providing broad protection for same-sex partners. In 1998, he codified local law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic partners.[What will Rudy say to his gay friends? Salon.com, Feb. 26, 2004]
Appointees as defendants
Several of Giuliani\'s appointees to head City agencies became defendants in criminal proceedings.
In 2000, Giuliani appointed 34-year-old Russell Harding, the son of Liberal Party of New York leader and longtime Giuliani mentor Raymond Harding, to head the New York City Housing Development Corporation, although Harding had neither a college degree nor relevant experience. In 2005, Harding pleaded guilty to defrauding the Housing Development Corporation and to possession of child pornography. He was sentenced to five years in prison.[Patricia Hurtado, "Disgraced ex-Giuliani official claims mental illness, judge prescribes prison", New York Newsday, July 22, 2005. Accessed March 9, 2007.] In a related matter, Richard Roberts, appointed by Giuliani as Housing Commissioner and as chairman of the Health and Hospitals Corporation, pleaded guilty to perjury after lying to a grand jury about a car that Harding bought for him with City funds.[Robbins, Tom. "A Going-Away Gift From Russell Harding", The Village Voice, September 7, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-07-20. ]
Main article: Rudy Giuliani promotions of Bernard Kerik
Giuliani was a longtime backer of Bernard Kerik, who started out as a NYPD detective driving for Giuliani\'s campaign. Giuliani appointed him as the Commissioner of the Department of Correction and then as the Police Commissioner. After Giuliani left office, Kerik pleaded guilty to state corruption charges dating from his Corrections days.[ William K. Rashbaum, Former Police Commissioner Pleads Guilty to Taking Gift NY Times, July 1, 2006] Kerik is currently awaiting trial on related federal charges of conspiracy, tax fraud and obstruction of justice.[Bernard Kerik Indicted TheSmokingGun.com] Giuliani has not been implicated in any of the Kerik scandals.
Run for United States Senate, 2000
Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2000
Due to term limits, Giuliani could not run in 2001 for a third term as Mayor. In November 1998, long-serving Democratic New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan retired and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running in the 2000 election for the now-open seat. Due to his high profile and visibility Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party, even though he had irritated many by endorsing incumbent Democrat Governor Mario Cuomo over Republican George Pataki in 1994.[1994 Ad. National Review (November 21, 1994).] Giuliani\'s entrance led Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel and others to recruit then-U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to run for Moynihan\'s seat, hoping she might combat his star power.
An early, January 1999 poll showed Giuliani trailing Clinton by 10 points.[Lee M. Miringoff. "Losing the Women", The New York Times, 2000-01-31. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. ] In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate run. By January 2000, Giuliani had reversed the polls situation, pulling 9 points ahead after taking advantage of several campaign stumbles by Clinton.[George Gates. "Looking for the Senator From All of New York", The New York Times, 1999-11-06. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. ] The New York Police Department\'s fatal shooting of Patrick Dorismond in March 2000 inflamed Giuliani\'s already strained relations with the city\'s minority communities,[Gerth, Jeff; Don Van Natta, Jr. (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-01742-6. , pp. 211.] and Clinton seized on it as a major campaign issue.[Adam Nagourney. "Despite Polls, Giuliani Says That He Won\'t Alter His Campaign Style", The New York Times, 2000-04-08. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. ]. Clinton was now 8 to 10 points ahead of Giuliani in the polls.
Then followed four tumultuous weeks, in which Giuliani\'s medical life, romantic life, marital life, and political life all collided at once in a most visible fashion. Giuliani discovered that he had prostate cancer and needed treatment; his extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan became public and the subject of a media frenzy; he announced a separation from his wife Donna Hanover; and, after much indecision, on May 19, 2000 he announced his withdrawal from the senate race.
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
Main article: Rudy Giuliani during the September 11, 2001 attacks
Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001.
Response to attacks
Giuliani was prominent in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September 11 and afterwards—for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of chemical or biological weaponry into the air was a factor in the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani said "Tomorrow New York is going to be here. And we\'re going to rebuild, and we\'re going to be stronger than we were before...I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can\'t stop us."
The 9/11 attack occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term from January 1 to April 1 under the New York State Constitution (Article 3 Section 25),[Content Removed. Retrieved on November 15, 2005.] but the State Assembly and Senate did not approve it. The request was backed by the threat of a run for a third mayoral term as a Conservative Party candidate, requiring a legal challenge to the law imposing term limits on elected New York City officials.[Conservative Party and Courts May Hold Key to NYC Mayor\'s Race — 1 October 2001. Retrieved on November 15, 2005.][Conservative Party and Courts May Hold Key to NYC Mayor\'s Race - 10/01/2001]
Giuliani claimed to have been at the Ground Zero site "as often, if not more, than most workers.... I was there working with them. I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I\'m one of them." Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims.[Celeste Katz. "9/11 workers outraged by new Rudy claim", New York Daily News, 2007-08-10. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. ][Libby Quaid. "Giuliani in firing line", Sunday Herald Sun (Australia), 2007-08-12. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. ][Dan Sewell. "Giuliani\'s \'I\'m one of them\' remark angers 9-11 workers", Associated Press, 2007-08-10. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. ] While his appointment logs were unavailable for the six days immediately following the attacks, after that Giuliani spent a total of 29 hours over three months at the site. This contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the site in two to three days.[Russ Buettner. "For Giuliani, Ground Zero as Linchpin and Thorn", New York Times, 2007-08-17. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. ]
When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested that the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause", Giuliani asserted, "There is no moral equivalent for this act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they\'re part of the problem." Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince\'s $10 million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.["Giuliani rejects $10 million from Saudi prince", CNN, 2001-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. ]
Preparedness
Main article: September 11, 2001 radio communications
Giuliani has been widely criticized for his decision to locate the Office of Emergency Management headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the 7 World Trade Center building. Those opposing the decision perceived the office as a target for a terrorist attack in light of the previous terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in 1993.[World Trade Center: Profile. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.]["Rudy Giuliani\'s 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can\'t Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record," Village Voice August 8–14, 2007, p. 22–36. [1]][Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins (2006-09). The Grand Illusion: The untold story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2006-09-06.] The office was unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters.[Open and Shut. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.] Large tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7 World Trade to power the command center, and this fuel was later deemed responsible for the intense fire that caused that building to collapse hours after the Twin Towers.[Replying to Giuliani. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.] In May 2007, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on Jerome M. Hauer, who had served under Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City’s first Director of Emergency Management. Hauer has taken exception to that account in interviews and provided Fox News and New York Magazine with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in Brooklyn but was overruled by Giuliani. Television journalist Chris Wallace interviewed Giuliani on May 13, 2007, about his 1997 decision to locate the command center at the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace\'s questions and said that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and claimed that Hauer said that the WTC site was the best location. Wallace presented Giuliani a photocopy of Hauer directive letter. The letter urged Giuliani to locate the command center in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan.[Transcript: Rudy Giuliani on Fox News Sunday (2007-05-14). Retrieved on 2007-09-29. “Then why did he say the building — he said it\'s not — the place in Brooklyn is not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan”][audio and video from interview available on Robert Greenwald\'s "The REAL Rudy: Command Center" ][Onetime Giuliani Insider Is Now a Critic. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.][Angry Giuliani Aide Lashes Back. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.][Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, "The Real Rudy: From the September print issue: The image of Rudy Giuliani as the hero of September 11 has never been seriously challenged. That changes now," "The American Prospect online," September 11, 2006 http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11973] The February 1996 memo read, "The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan."[Giuliani Blames Aide for Poor Emergency Planning. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.]
In January 2008, an eight-page memo was revealed which detailed the New York City Police Department\'s opposition in 1998 to location of the city\'s emergency command center at the Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode these concerns.[Rashbaum, William K. (2008-01-26). Memo Details Objections to Command Center Site. Politics. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-01-27.]
The 9/11 Commission noted in its report that lack of preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of the attacks. The Commission noted that the radios in use by the fire department were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness following the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family members of 9/11 victims have said that these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years.[Rudy gets earful at stop here: Some FDNY survivors rally against him. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.]["Rudy\'s 9/11 Snag: Dissent WTC Kin: We\'ll Bare the Ugly Truth for \'08".] The radios were not working when Fire Department chiefs ordered the 343 firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as the towers collapsed.[Urban Legend video, http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=3367678]["NY Firefighters attack Giuliani," BBC News, July 12, 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm] However, when Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said that the firefighters ignored the evacuation order out of an effort to save lives.[Kevin Baker, "A Fate Worse than Bush: Rudy Giuliani and the Politics of Personality," Harpers, August 2007, p. 37, citing Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn, 102 Minutes (Times Books, 2002) ][Jon Weiner, "Rudy: Worse than Bush?"thenation.com, August 1, 2007 http://www.alternet.org/story/58480/] Giuliani testified to the Commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the attacks appeared to protest his statements.[Giuliani Faces 9/11 Questions. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.] A 1994 mayoral office study of the radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios were purchased in a $33 million no-bid contract with Motorola, and implemented in early 2001. However, the radios were recalled in March 2001 after a Probationary Firefighter\'s calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others at the scene, leaving firemen with the old analog radios from 1993.[ABC News][Razzle Dazzle: Rudy Ducking and Running.] A book later published by Commission members Thomas Kean and Lee Hamilton, Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission, argued that the Commission had not pursued a tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani.[9/11 Commissioners Say They Went Easy on Giuliani to Avoid Public’s Anger. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.]
An October 2001 study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.[Democracy Now! | New Yorkers Tell Federal Officials To Stop Ignoring 9/11\'s Health Effects][Wayne Barrett. "Rudy Giuliani\'s 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can\'t Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record", Village Voice, 2007-08-08, p. 35–36. ]
Public reaction
In the wake of the attacks, Giuliani was hailed by many for his leadership during the crisis. When polled just six weeks after the attack Giuliani received a 79 percent approval rating among New York City voters, a dramatic increase over the 36 percent rating he had received a year earlier — average at the end of a two-term mayorship.[Quinnipiac University Poll, published October 24, 2001. Accessed March 4, 2007.][Quinnipiac University Poll, published March 2, 2000. Accessed November 30, 2007.] Oprah Winfrey called him "America\'s Mayor" at a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium on September 23, 2001,["Giuliani rejects $10 million from Saudi prince", War Against Terror, CNN, 2001-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. ]["City Mourns at Stadium Prayer Service.". Retrieved on 2006-11-15.] a term now in common use by his supporters. Other voices denied it was the mayor who had pulled the city together. "You didn\'t bring us together, our pain brought us together and our decency brought us together. We would have come together if Bozo was the mayor", said civil rights activist Al Sharpton, in a statement largely supported by Fernando Ferrer, one of three main candidates for the mayoralty at the end of 2001. "He was a power-hungry person", Sharpton also said.[REVEREND AL SHARPTON IN NEW SLAM AT RUDY GIULIANI. Retrieved on November 15, 2005.] Many New Yorkers were impressed with Giuliani\'s response to the attacks, precisely because his calm and soothing demeanor seemed markedly out of character, after seven years in which he had gained a reputation as a divisive mayor.
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